小麦秸秆全量还田下腐熟剂对下茬水稻产量及土壤的影响

旨在为稻麦轮作模式中秸秆全量还田提供有效配套措施,采用田间大区试验,开展了小麦秸秆全量还田配套腐熟剂研究。试验设3处理,分别为不施腐熟剂CK、施腐熟剂A和施腐熟剂B处理。结果显示腐熟剂A处理水稻比CK减产2.37%,B增产1.74%;A处理土壤速效NPK分别比CK增加了2.34mg/kg、1.00mg/kg和4.00mg/kg,铜、锌含量下降,砷含量上升3.03mg/kg;B处理速效NP分别比CK降低5.33mg/kg和6.47mg/kg,有机质减少3.66g/kg,铜、锌、砷含量均低于CK。腐熟剂A、B均可促进土壤微生物增殖,提升整体代谢活性,增加物种多样性指数;其中A处理细菌与真菌增加明显,而B对放线菌的促进更为明显。综合腐熟剂对水稻产量、土壤理化及微生物种群和代谢特征的影响,配套腐熟剂B更利于水稻产量和土壤健康。     

大青山不同树种土壤微生物数量及酶活性研究

为了揭示随海拔梯度变化对3 种乡土抗旱树种土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,并为准确评估不同树种在大青山山地生态系统中的作用及合理利用提供理论依据。采用传统的平板菌落技术法和 96 微孔板荧光法测定并分析其根围土壤微生物数量和酶活性。结果表明：3 种树种的微生物数量均表现为细菌＞放线菌＞真菌,但是不同菌群数量之间均存在显著差异(P＜0.05)。3 种树种根围土壤的蛋白酶、N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化物酶酶活性均随海拔的升高呈现下降的趋势。相关性分析表明：不同树种的土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性和土壤的理化性质之间存在一定的相关性。这对改良土壤、植树造林及保护内蒙古大青山自然保护区生态系统提供了理论依据。     

基于模糊数学法的新建绿地土壤物理性能评价

城市绿地土壤的物理性能影响着城市生态系统的运行,为了研究城市绿地建设过程中不同层次土壤的物理性能,以西安植物园新区为典型案例,选取容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、田间持水量、自然含水量等六个指标,结合模糊数学法以及SPSS19.0与Excel软件对各层土壤的物理性能(Q)进行评价。结果显示,西安植物园新区表层土壤(0-25cm)、浅层土壤(25-50cm)、中层土壤(50-70 cm)、深层土壤(70-90cm)的Q值分别为21.69、61.24、71.19、66.89;分别处于极差水平、较差水平、良好水平、较差水平。平均Q值为55.25,处于较差水平。表层土壤与浅层土壤Q值过低的原因在于重型机械的重复碾压,碾压力对中层土的影响较小。随着土层深度的增加,深层土壤的Q值相对中层有所下降。各影响因子的权重比较显示,土壤容重是影响各层土壤物理性能优劣的重要因素,但随着土层的加深,土壤容重的权重逐渐降低。自然含水量的权重随着土层的加呈现逐步上升的趋势。     

不同基质对苹果幼树生长发育及叶片生理特性的影响

本研究旨在筛选出适合苹果幼树栽培的基质配方。以2 年生富士芽苗为试材,采用玉米秸杆、园土、草炭土、珍珠岩和牛粪为基质原料,研究不同基质配方对苹果幼树的生长、生物量、根系形态特性和叶片生理特性等参数的影响。研究结果表明：T3（园土:草炭土:牛粪:珍珠岩=2:3:1:1）和T4（园土:玉米秸秆:牛粪:珍珠岩=2:3:1:1）基质最佳,其理化性质理想,栽培的苹果幼树生长量（苗高、茎粗、新梢长、新梢粗、地上部干物质重）、根系发育情况（根系总长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数）和叶片生理特性（净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度）等指标都显著高于对照,根冠比和根平均直径则显著低于对照。因此,腐熟后的玉米秸杆完全可代替草炭土在苹果幼树容器栽培中使用,T4 基质可作为培育苹果容器大苗的优良基质在生产上推广应用。     

耕作模式与氮肥运筹对土壤主要理化性状及作物产量的影响

在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作条件下,以小麦品种矮抗58和玉米品种郑单958为材料,研究了不同耕作方式(小麦季深耕、玉米季免耕;小麦季旋耕、玉米季免耕)及不同氮肥总量(540,420,300 kg·hm~(-2))和不同氮肥运筹方式(不同追肥比例及追肥时期)对豫东潮土和豫南砂姜黑土物理性状及氮含量的周年变化以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:深耕能显著降低潮土和砂姜黑土20~40 cm土层土壤容重,显著提高两类土壤20~40 cm土层土壤总孔隙度以及田间持水量,且深耕处理下两类土壤周年作物产量分别比旋耕处理增加4.30%和2.63%;土壤全氮以及碱解氮含量均随着氮肥施用总量的增加而升高,在氮肥施用量相同条件下,追施氮肥前土壤全氮和碱解氮含量随着底施氮量的增加而升高,追施氮肥后随着追氮量的增加而增加。研究认为,本试验条件下,考虑到经济效益,建议采用小麦季隔年深耕而玉米季免耕直播的耕作方式,在潮土区的B1C3(小麦季300 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,按照底肥与拔节期追肥之比为1∶1施入,玉米季240 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,按底肥与拔节期追肥大喇叭口期追肥之比为2∶1∶1施入)施肥模式,和砂浆黑土地区的B2C1(小麦季240 kg·hm~(-2)全底施,玉米季180 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,底肥与拔节期追肥之比3∶1施入)施肥模式为两地最优的氮肥施用模式。     

Physicochemical property guidelines for modern agrochemicals

The relentless need for the discovery and development of new agrochemicals continues as a result of driving forces such as loss of existing products through the development of resistance, the necessity for products with more favorable environmental and toxicological profiles, shifting pest spectra, and the changing agricultural needs and practices of the farming community. These new challenges underscore the demand for novel, high‐quality starting points to accelerate the discovery of new agrochemicals that address market challenges. This article discusses the efforts to identify the optimum ranges of physicochemical properties of agrochemicals through analysis of modern commercial products. Specifically, we reviewed literature studies examining physicochemical property effects and analyzed the properties typical of successful fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides (chewing and sap‐feeding pests). From the analysis, a new set of physicochemical property guidelines for each discipline, as well as building block class, are proposed. These new guidelines should significantly aid in the discovery of next‐generation agrochemicals. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nutritional and Functional Properties of Two Dried Brown Seaweeds Sirophysalis trinodis and Polycladia myrica

Sirophysalis trinodis and Polycladia myrica, two brown seaweeds present on the southeast coast of Iran, were evaluated for their nutritional and functional properties after drying. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of crude polysaccharides revealed the characteristic absorption bands of phenol, O–H, C–H, C–O–S, C–O, C=O, C–H groups, and β-glycosidic linkages from cellulose, with the sulfate contents estimated as 4.89 ± 0.11% and 6.96 ± 0.05% of SO₄^?2. Results of nutritional profiles revealed all of the essential amino acids, especially methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine, valine, phenyl alanine, and arginine. In addition, important fatty acids such as linolenic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid were found in high amounts. The other nutritional components present in high amounts were proline and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc. The antibacterial activity was weak, but the result of antioxidant activities (hydroxyl and superoxide radicals scavenging and ferrous-ion chelating ability) of crude polysaccharides was considerable. In general, the findings of this study recommend that S. trinodis and P. myrica dried seaweeds have a potent nutritional value and might be used as a valuable source of nutrient supplements for humans and animals.     

Detection of Frozen-Thawed Cycles for Frozen Tilapia (Oreochromis) Fillets Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Due to the ambient temperature fluctuation during the process of storage, transportation, and sale, frozen fillets may go through frozen-thawed cycles that result in quality changes. In order to detect the frozen-thawed cycles in frozen tilapia fillets, near infrared spectroscopy was applied. The thawing loss, cooking loss, moisture content, total volatile basic nitrogen, and texture profile of fillets in seven frozen-thawed cycles were analyzed to reflect the change of quality. A total of 60 fillets were used to collect the spectra on both dorsal and belly flesh in frozen and thawed state from the first to the seventh cycle. The results showed that there is a better discrimination among the once and the repeated frozen-thawed samples in the frozen state than the thawed state. Frozen samples were still conducive to the differentiation and had higher classification accuracy, ranging from 80% to 93.33%. Dorsal flesh was more beneficial for the differentiation than belly flesh and had the highest accuracy, ranging from 86.67% to 93.33% in the frozen state. These results showed that the nondestructive and fast detection of repeated frozen-thawed cycles in frozen tilapia fillets can be accomplished by near infrared spectroscopy, which has enormous potential for practical application.     

Physical forcing on fish abundance in the southern California Current System

The California Current System (CCS) is an eastern boundary current system with strong biological productivity largely due to seasonal wind‐driven upwelling and transport of the California Current (CC). Two independent, yet complementary time series, CalCOFI ichthyoplankton surveys and sampling of southern California power plant cooling‐water intakes, have indicated that an assemblage of predominantly cool‐water affinity fishes spanning nearshore to oceanic environments in the southern CCS has declined dramatically from the 1970s to the 2000s. We examined potential oceanographic drivers behind this decline both within and north of the CalCOFI survey area in order to capture upstream processes as well. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses using output from a data‐assimilative regional ocean model revealed significant relationships between the fish time series and spatial patterns of upwelling, upper ocean heat content and eddy kinetic energy in the CCS. Correlation and linear regression analyses indicated that the declining trend in fish abundance was correlated with a suite of factors: reduced offshore and increased inshore upwelling; a long term warming trend combined with more recent interannual variability in ocean temperature; weaker eddy kinetic energy north of Point Conception (35°N), potentially indicating reduced transport of the California Current (CC); increased influence of the California Undercurrent (CUC); and a decline in zooplankton displacement volume across the southern CCS. Understanding how changes in oceanography affect fish populations will offer insights into managing fisheries in a changing climate.     

Early life history connectivity of Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica) in the Ross Sea

A recent population hypothesis for Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica), a critical forage species, argued that interactions between life history and circulation associated with glacial trough systems drive circumpolar distributions over the continental shelf. In the Ross Sea, aggregations of eggs and larvae occur under fast ice in Terra Nova Bay, and the hypothesis predicted that dispersing larvae encounter outflow along the western side of Drygalski Trough. The outflow advects larvae towards the shelf‐break, and mixing with trough inflow facilitates return toward the inner shelf. To examine the hypothesis, we compared samples of P. antarctica collected near Coulman Island in the outflow, along Crary Bank in the inflow, and a third set taken over the rest of the Ross Sea. We ruled out misidentification using an innovative genetic validation. Silverfish larvae comprised 99.5% of the catch, and the highest population densities were found in Drygalski Trough. The results provided no evidence to reject the population hypothesis. Abundance indices, back‐calculated hatching dates, length distributions and growth were congruent with a unified early life history in the western Ross Sea, constrained by cryopelagic early stages in Terra Nova Bay. By contrast, a sample in the Bay of Whales revealed much smaller larvae, suggesting either a geographically separate population in the eastern Ross Sea, or westward connectivity with larvae spawned nearby by fish sourced from troughs upstream in the Amundsen Sea. These results illustrate how hypotheses that integrate population structure with life history can provide precise spatial predictions for subsequent testing.